History The Seljuk Empire of the Oghuz Turkic race in the Middle East and Central Asia between the 11th and 14th centuries AD. It holds great importance in Muslim history as it was the last empire to unite the Islamic world after the fall of the Abbasid dynasty. Its borders extended from China to the Mediterranean on one side and from Aden to Khwarizm and Bukhara on the other. His period is the last period in the history of Islam, it can be said that this is why Seljuq has a special position in Muslim history. Taking advantage of the political crisis that started in the Muslim Ummah after the fall of the Seljuks, the Europeans imposed the Crusades on the Muslims and occupied the holiest place (Bait al-Maqdis) in the heart of the Islamic world. Tughril Beg and Chagri Beg Tughril Bey was the grandson of Seljuq while Chagri Beg was his brother under whose leadership the Seljuks tried to secede from the Ghaznavid Empire. Initially, the Seljuqs were defeated by Mahmud of Ghaznavi and confined to Khwarazm, but under the leadership of Tughril and Chagri, they captured Maru and Nishapur in 1028 and 1029. His successors conquered more territories in Khorasan and Balkh and attacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1039, at the Battle of Dandangan, he defeated the Ghaznavid king Mas’ud, and all the western parts of Mas’ud’s kingdom were lost to the Seljuks. In 1055, Tughril captured Baghdad from the Shia kingdom of Bani Bayh. Alp Arslan Seljuk Empire at its height Alp Arslan succeeded his uncle Tughril Beg on the throne of the Seljuk Empire and in 1064 he annexed Armenia and Georgia to the empire. He was a very intelligent and brave ruler. On the recommendation of his father Chagri Beg, appointed Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi as the minister of the Sultanate. During his reign, the boundaries of the Seljuk Empire expanded greatly. First included Herat and Mawra-ul-Nahr in his territory. After defeating the Fatimid ruler, he added Mecca and Medina to his territory. This increased the influence of the Seljuqs in the Islamic world. The Byzantines attacked on August 26, 1071, inflicting a crushing defeat on Caesar Romeus IV and capturing him. Caesar Rome not only paid a war ransom and agreed to pay tribute. Rather, he married his daughter to the sultan’s son and gave him territories in Armenia and Georgia. In the campaign against the Khwarazmi Turks, he was seriously wounded by the sword of Yusuf al-Khwarizmi, the governor of Khwarazmi, who was taken prisoner and died 4 days later on 25 November 1072 at the age of 42. Alp Arslan was buried in the tomb of his father Chagri Beg at Meru. Malik Shah Alp Arslan’s successor, Malik Shah I, and his two Iranian ministers, Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk, brought the Seljuk Empire to its height, whose eastern borders met with China and the western borders with the Byzantine Empire. Malik Shah moved the capital from Ray to Isfahan. During this time, Nizam-ul-Mulk established Jamia Nizamiya in Baghdad. The reign of Malik Shah is called the golden age of the Seljuks. In 1087, the Abbasid Caliph addressed Malik Shah as “Sultan of the East and the West”. During the reign of Malik Shah, Hasan bin Sabah gained power in Iran, whose loyalists killed many important figures. After the division of the empire, our Seljuqs ruled. After the partition our Seljuqs ruled. After the death of Malik Shah I in 1092, the kingdom was divided due to differences among his brothers and 4 sons. In Anatolia, Qulj Arslan I succeeded Malik Shah I, who founded the Seljuk Roman Empire. In Syria, his brother Tutsh I became ruler, while in Iran his son Mahmud I established a monarchy, which was in conflict with his three brothers, al-Barqiruq in Iraq, Muhammad I in Baghdad, and Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan. After the death of Tatish I, his sons Rizwan and Zouk inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively, and due to their disagreement, Syria was divided into several parts ruled by different princes. In 1118 Ahmad Sanjar captured the kingdom. Mahmud II, his nephew and son of Muhammad I, did not recognize him and established his capital in Baghdad and proclaimed himself Sultan, but was finally deposed by Ahmad Sanjar in 1131. The Crusades At the beginning of the political decline of the Seljuk Empire and civil war spread throughout the country and the last force to unite the Muslim Ummah under one banner, the Europeans took advantage of this opportunity and reclaimed Jerusalem from the Muslims. The long-held desire to take over began to be realized, thus starting the Crusades that dominated the Muslims for more or less 200 years. At the beginning of these wars, Christians on their way to Jerusalem from Europe first encountered the Anatolian Seljuk Muslim government of Seljuk Rome. The Christians captured Jerusalem in the First Crusade, while the Seljuks had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids. The Crusaders and the Mongol-Saljuq invasions also eroded the power of the Seljuks, and finally, with the Mongol invasion of Anatolia in the 1260s, the last Seljuk Empire (Siljah Rome) came to an end. Additionally, in 1071, the Seljuks expanded their empire by conquering the Byzantines in the western direction. The Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah (reign: 1072-1092) imposed his rule over factories in Ferghana, northwestern Turkestan, Kashgar, and Khotan. Under the influence of their vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, the Seljuks established religious schools (madrasas) in Baghdad and throughout Central Asia. Although a series of madrasas first appeared in northeastern Iran during the 9th century CE, devoted purely to religious studies, these new madrasas did little more than provide the Seljuks with urban imperial office. He also gave training to develop a deep understanding of Islam. The attitude of the Seljuks towards religion was very realistic. After opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement, the Seljuks also sought to dominate Palestine. The Byzantines appealed to Pope Urban II in 1096, who proclaimed the First Crusade to unite the Western and Eastern Roman Empires and reclaim the Holy Land from the (non-Christian) pagans. However, the Seljuks were by no means anti-Christian. For example, they did not wipe out Nestorian Christianity from Central Asia. Seljuq Sultans Reigned from 1037 to 1157 Beg Tughril 1016-1063 Sultan Jalal-ud-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072-1092 Sultan Alp Arslan 1063-1072 Sultan Nasir al-Duniya’s parents Mahmud bin Malik Shah 1092-1094 Sultan Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya Parents of Barkiarooq 1094-1105 Sultan Mu’iz-ud-Din Malik Shah II 1105 Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Dunya Parents Muhammad Tapir 1105–1118 Sultan Mu’iz-ud-Din Ahmad Sangar 1118–1153 The Khwarizm Shahi Empire captured most of the Seljuk Empire from 1157 and Khorasan was captured by the Aghuz Turks. Mahmud bin Muhammad Tapar, the son of Muhammad Tapar, refused to recognize Ahmad Sanjar as Sultan and made himself the Sultan by establishing the capital in Baghdad, but Ahmad Sanjar finally removed him in 1131. Seljuk Sultans of Kerman 1041 to 1187 Kerman was a kingdom in southern Persia that was overthrown by Tughlar III in 1187. Qaward 1041 to 1073 Kerman Shah 1073 to 1074 Sultan Shah 1074 to 1075 Husain Umar 1075 to 1084 Turan Shah I 1084 to 1096 Shah Iran 1096 to 1101 Arslan Shah I 1101 to 1142 Muhammad I 1142 to 1156 Tughral Shah 115 6 to 1169 Bahram Shah 1169 to 1174 Arslan Shah II 1174 to 1176 Turan Shah II 1176 to 1183 Muhammad Thanvi 1183 to 1187 Seljuq Sultans of Syria 1076 to 1117 AD Abu Saeed Taj al-Dawla Tisht I 1085 to 1086 Jalal al-Dawla Malik Shah I 1086 to 1087 Qasim al-Dawla Abu Saeed 108 7 to 1094 Abu Saeed Taj al-Dawlah Tisht I (second time) 1094 to 1095 AD Fakhrul Mulk Rizwan 1095 to 1113 AD Taj al-Dawlah Alp Arslan al-Akhr 1113 to 1114 Sultan Shah 1114 to 1123 Sultan and Emir of Damascus Aziz Ibn Abak al-Khwarizmi 1076 to 1079 Abu Saeed Taj al-Dawlah Taj Al-Dawla Tasht I 1079 to 1095 AD Abu Nasr Shamsul Malik Doqiq 1095 to 1104 AD Tatish II 1104 AD Muhyiddin Baktash 1104 AD Atifin Halab Lulu 1114 to 1117 Shams al-Hus Yarqtash 1117 AD Imad al-Din Zangi 1128 to 1146 AD Nur al-Din Zangi 1146 to 1 174 of Seljuk Rome (Anatolia). Sultanate 1077 to 1307 CE Qulatmish 1060 to 1077 CE Sulaiman ibn Qulatmish 1077 to 1086 CE Dawood Qalaj Arslan I 1092 to 1107 CE Malik Shah 1107 to 1116 Rukn al-Din Masud 1116 to 1156 Izz al-Din Qalaj Arslan Thani 1156 to 1192 Ghiyas al-Din Khusrau I 1192 to 1196 Sulayman II 1196 to 1204 Arslan III Qal 1204 to 1205 AD Ghiyas al-Din Khusrau I (second time) 1205 to 1211 AD Izz al-Din Qaqas I 1211 to 1220 AD Alauddin Kikbad I 1220 to 1237 Ghiyas al-Din Khusrau II 1237 to 1246 Izz al-Din Qaqas 1 From 246 1260 to 2nd Rukn al-Din Qalaj Arslan II 1249 to 1257 Ghiyas al-Din Khusrau II (second time) 1257 to 1259 Ghiyas al-Din’s Khusrau III 1265 to 1282 Ghiyas al-Din Masud Thanvi 1282 to 1284 Alauddin Kekbad III 1284 AD Ghiyas al-Din Masud II (second time) ) 1284 to 1293 Alauddin Kikbad III (second time) 1293 to 1294 Ghiyasuddin Masud II (third time) 1294 to 1301 AD Alauddin Kikbad III (third time) 1301 to 1303 AD Ghiyasuddin Masud II (fourth time) 1303 to 1307 AD Ghiyasuddin Masud Som 1307 A.D. Read more Hisashian Seljuq Dynasty Seljuk Rome ↑ Seljuq is the plural of Seljuq. While Azam means great. That is, in simple language, it will be called Great Seljuk. It is given this name to distinguish it from the Roman Seljuq. References ^ Savery, RM, Wikinews (1976). Introduction to Islamic Civilization Cambridge University Press. Page 82. ISBN 978-0-521-20777-5. ^ Black, Edwin (2004). Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq’s 7,000-Year History of War, Profit and Conflict. John Wiley & Sons. Page _ _ ISBN 978-0-471-67186-2 _ ^ ^ CE Bosworth, “Turkish Expansion to the West” in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, Title “Seventh to Sixteenth Century”, UNESCO Publishing/Routledge, Page 391: “While the Arabic language maintained its preeminence in fields such as law, theology, and science, secular literature within the Seljuk court culture and empire became largely Persianized. The Seljuk rulers (Qabad, Ki Khusrau, etc.) and in using Persian as a literary language (then Turkish must have been a vehicle for everyday speech).” ↑ Stokes 2008, p. 615. ↑ The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the World’s Languages, ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvy, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; “Oghuz Turk is first represented by Old Anatolian Turk, which was a subordinate writing medium until the end of Seljuk rule.” ↑ Holt, Peter M. (1984). “Some Observations on the Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. 47 (3): 501–507.doi:10.1017/s0041977x00113710. ↑ Grosset, René, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). “East-West Orientation of Historical Empires”. Journal of World Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 13 September 2016. ↑ Rein Taagepera (1997. ↑ Grosset, Rene (1988). Empire of the Steppes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Pages 159, 161. ISBN 978-0-8135-0627-2. In 1194, Toghrul III invaded the Khwarezmiyah Turks. died before, who were eventually destined to succeed the Seljuks in the Middle Eastern Empire. @everyone History Logic Islam Science and Man
